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Desktop e-books are created on computer desktops and may be read on hardware with EPUB 3 support, or may be converted by software to formats acceptable to newer devices and operating systems. Kindle, Nook, Kobo and other similar devices can be compatible with these to varying degrees of support. On newer devices, ebooks are available in proprietary formats such as MOBI (Amazon Kindle), AZW (Barnes and Noble Nook) and EPUB (Kobo), along with PDF[176] and ePUB.[177] EPUB has since become the standard format.[178]
The roots of the industry stem from a partnership between Swedish book publisher Bonnier Carlsen, and Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson. That lead to the creation of the 60400 e-book format, which uses the MP3 audio format for sound.[35] 3M later developed a proprietary E Ink screen and English Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales worked on an implementation for a Swedish company called e-Ink.[179][180] Apple announced plans to enter the market in early 2000.[181] Amazon created the Kindle,[35] and subsequently licensed their format to Barnes & Noble and Kobo as the AZW.[181] In 2005 this group of companies was informally dubbed the "epub consortium".[182] Amazon's Kindle was the first mass market consumer electronic book reader.[183] In 2008, the first commercially available e-ink reader was introduced.[184]
Publishers of books, movies and ebooks expect consumers to deduct this cost from their purchase price, much like sales taxes, making ebooks more expensive than paper books. Most major publishers that distribute their own e-books pay mobile device producers a royalty fee for each copy sold. As more people use smartphones and tablets, e-books sales are expected to increase, and the content distribution market for e-books is anticipated to reach a value of $3.7 billion in 2012.[185] While the industry has grown, it has also faced increased competition, including low prices and other alternative distribution methods. Most e-book reader market share is held by Amazon, which sold just over 5 million e-book readers in June 2011. d2c66b5586